Mining Technology – OC & UG, Mining Methods, Mining Machinery-OC & UG

Q1. What should be the number of Workmen’s Inspector in a large UG mine?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Q2. Longwall mining method is best suitable for .. ?
(a) Flat & moderately flat seam (b) Steeply inclined mine
(c) Fractured & geologically disturbed seam (d) Seam with high capability index
Q.3 Power pack is provided at Longwall face to give pressure to …..
(a) Powered support (b) Armored flexible conveyor
(c) Double ended ranging drum sheave (d) Stage loader
Q4. Over 90% of UG coal production in India comes from ….
(a) Longwall method (b) Hydraulic Mining Method
(c) Bord & Pillar Method (d) Blasting Gallery Method
Q5. A road in a proper coal seam is called ?
(a) Traveling road (b) Gallery (c) Drift (d) Haulage road
Q6. The process that sends sand water mixture in UG coal depillaring district is called
(a) Jigging operation (b) Granting separation operation
(c) Stowing Method (d) Coal drawing operation
Q7. Side discharge Loader (SDL) is a ……
(a) Crawler mounted m/c (b) Tyre mounted m/c
(c) Rail mounted m/c (d) Track mounted m/c
Q8. Thick, regular & flat seam is extremely essential for …
(a) Hydraulic Mining (b) Longwall Mining
(c) Blasting Gallery (d) Bord & Pillar
Q9. Which of the following equipment is very common for open casting/side casting?
(a) Shovel (b) Dozer (c) Dragline (d) Payloader
Q10. Name the machine which eliminates drilling, blasting in Open cast and has scope for selective
mine ?
(a) Dozer (b) Shovel (c) Dragline (d) Surface Continuous Miner
Q11. Which of the following Excavator is suitable for 20-30 metres bench height in soft rock
formation?
(a) Dragline (b) Shovel (c) Payloader (d) Bucket Wheel Excavator
Q12. Filling up of the void in OC mines is known as …
(a) OB Removal (b) Trenching (c) Reclamation (d) Salvaging
Q13. Flame Safety Lamp is used for testing ………….
(a) CO (b) CO2 (c) CH4 (d) H2S
Q14. In which state small deposits of Anthracite coal is found?
(a) J&K (b) Tamil Nadu (c) Assam (d) Gujarat
Q15. Which of the indigenous firm manufacture SDL & LHD in India?
(a) Joy Mining Machinery Co (b) Atlas Copeo
(c) Eimco Elecon (d) Tractors India Ltd
Q16. Road Header is used to drive ………………..
(a) Single heading (b) Double heading (c) Triple heading (d) Multiple heading
Q17. A building where explosives & detonators are stored is called
(a) Sheller (b) Magazine (c) Store (d) House
Q18. Which is best quality coking coal ?
(a) Steel grade –I (b) Steel grade –II (c) Washery grade –I (d) Washery grade –IV
Q19. Which is the best quality Non-cocking coal ?
(a) G (b) D (c) C (d) A
Q.20 What is true about Universal Drilling Machine (UDM) ?
(a) It is crawler mounted (b) It can drill in any direction
(c) It can drill blast holes (d) All of the above
Q21. UDM can drill in which of the following direction?
(a) Horizontal (b) Vertical (c) Inclined (d) All directions
Q22. Which is a mine transport system
(a) Rope Haulage (b) Locomotive Haulage (c) Shuttle Car (d) All of above
Q23. What is EMP ?
(a) Environment Management Plan (b) Environment Management Project
(c) Environment Management Programme (d) Environment Mine Plan
Q24. Coke can not be made from …………………..….
(a) Lignite (b) Anthracite Coal (c) Sub-bituminous Coal (d) All
Q25. What are the products of a coal washing ?
(a) Washed Coal (b) Middling (c) Rejects (d) All
Q26. Which of the following is not correct for Anthracite coal?
(a) Small deposits in India is found in J&K (b) It is best quality coal
(c) Best coke can be made from this coal (d) All of the above
Q27. What is correct about Bituminous coal?
(a) Coke can be made from this coal (b) It can be used as domestic fuel
(c) It can be used in thermal power plant (d) All of the above
Q28. Ultimate Analysis of coal gives percentage of…………………… present in coal.
(a) Carbon (b) Hydrogen (c) Sulphur (d) All of the above
Q29. Proximate Analysis of coal gives percentage (by weight of) ………… present in coal.
(a) Ash (b) Volatile Matter (c) Fixed Carbon (d) All of the above
Q30. Name the type of coke manufactured by heating coking coal at 650 degree Celsius temperature
in absence of oxygen ?
(a) Soft Coke (b) LTC Coke/CIL Coke (c) Both (d) Hard Coke
Q31. Which of the following gases are common in Under Ground Mines ?
(a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen (c) Carbon Dioxide (d) All of the above
Q32. What is the common name for Methane in Under Ground Coal Mines ?
(a) Firedamp (b) Stinkdamp (c) Blackdamp (d) Whitedamp
Q33.In which mine was fully mechanized Longwall Face with Powered Support was first introduced
in India ?
(a) Moonidih (BCCL) (b) Dhemo Main Colliery (ECL)
(c) Pathakhera No.2 (WCL) (d) Ramagundam GDK (SCCL)
Q34. Hard Coke is made by heating coking coal at …………….. Celsius temperature in absence of
oxygen ?
(a) 500 degree C (b) 100 degree C (c) 650 degree C (d) 1,000 – 1,100 degreeC
Q35. Shortwall Mining is a variant of………………
(a) Bord & Pillar (b) Longwall (c) Both of the above (d) None of the above
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ANSWER
1(c), 2(a), 3(a), 4(c), 5(b), 6(c), 7(a), 8(c), 9(c), 10(d), 11(d), 12(c), 13(c), 14(a), 15(c), 16(a), 17(b), 18(a),
19(d), 20(d), 21(d), 22(d), 23(a), 24(d), 25(d), 26(c), 27(d), 28(d), 29(d), 30(c), 31(d), 32(a), 33(a), 34(d),
35(c).
………

Energy Quiz

1. What is energy?

2. What sector of our society consumes the most energy?

a. transport b. commerce c. residential d. industry

3. Can you name the two main forms of energy?

4. Can energy be created or destroyed?

a. Yes b. No

5. Most energy conversions produce …

a. motion b. sound c. heat d. light

6. Where does all our energy in the world come from?

a. food b. sun c. fossil fuels d. inside the earth

7. What produces the sun’s energy?

8. What does “photo “ mean in words like photosynthesis, photovoltaic and photograph?

a. light b. picture c. energy d. colour

9. What happens when light hits a surface?

a. reflected b. absorbed c. both reflected and absorbed

10. How do plants get their energy?

11. Where did the energy of your body ultimately come from?

12. Electricity consumption is measured in ...

a. amperes b. volts c. kilowatt-hours d. watts

13. The kilowatt is equal to...

a. 10 watts b. 100 watts c. 1000 watts d. one million watts

14. What is electricity?

15. How do most Indian electricity power plants get their energy?

a. water b. electricity c. fossil fuels d. wind

16. Where does coal come from?

17. What are the advantages of using coal for electricity production?

a. India has large reserves of coal b. low cost of fuel produces cheap electricity

c. electricity can be produced when needed d. all of these

18. What are the disadvantages of using coal?

19. The energy in fossil fuels such as coal is stored as...

a. chemical energy b. electrical energy c. thermal energy d. nuclear energy

20. What does renewable energy mean?

21. What sort of renewable energy electricity is available in India?

a. coal b. nuclear c. wind, solar, hydro and bioenergy d. all of these

22. What types of energy can solar panels utilise?

a. heat and light b. chemical c. wind d. mechanical

23. What are solar panels that produce electricity called?

24. What is the greenhouse effect?

25. Which type of electricity consumption uses the most energy?

a. lighting b. heating water c. heating and cooling rooms d. refrigeration

26. What are three things you need to help heat your house with the Sun in the winter but keep it cool in the summer?

27. What can we do to reduce the greenhouse effect?

28. Compared to incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent bulbs

a. use more energy b. use less energy c. use the same amount of energy

d. make people want to use more electricity

Answers

1. Energy is needed to do “work”. It is needed for any physical movement, to make devices such as appliances and cars function, to keep the house warm, to cook food, etc.

2. d. Industry

3. Potential Energy is stored energy and Kinetic Energy is energy of movement. A rolling ball has “kinetic” or moving energy. A ball sitting on the table has “potential” or stored energy.

4. b. No

5. c. heat

6. b. sun

7. The sun is immensely hot and dense which causes the atoms in its gases to undergo nuclear fusions. The fusion of hydrogen molecules to form helium molecules releases huge amounts of thermal and radiant energy.

8. a. light

9. c. both reflected and absorbed

10. From the sun’s light energy through the process of photosynthesis.

11. From the chemical energy in our food which has been passed through the food web from plants and the sun’s light energy.

12. c. kilowatt-hours

13. c. 1000 watts

14. Moving electrons

15. c. fossil fuels

16. Ancient plants and animals which were buried and underwent changes over millions of years to form fossil fuels.

17. d. all of these

18. Coal as a fossil fuel will not last forever. Burning coal produces pollutants which cause acid rain. Burning coal produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases which are contributing to global warming.

19. a. chemical energy

20. Any source of energy that doesn’t consume the finite resources of the Earth and can be easily and quickly replenished. Includes Solar, Wind, Hydro and Bio energy.

21. c. wind, solar, hydro and bio energy

22. a. heat and light

23. Photovoltaic arrays

24. It is the accumulation of gases such as carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, which stops the sun’s heat escaping out into space.

25. c. heating and cooling rooms

26. Insulation, deciduous shade trees, correct orientation, verandas and other shade structures, curtains.

27. Use less electricity. Use energy sources which don’t release greenhouse gases to make electricity.

28. b. use less energy

Coal Industry in India – A retrospect, Nationalisation of Coal Mines

Q1.Who initiated first commercial coal mining in India ?
Ans.Warren Hastings at Raniganj (W.B.) in 1774.
Q2.Who opened first Coal Mines in India and when ?
Ans.Jhan Summer and Hitler of East India at Raniganj Coalfields on 11/08/1774.
Q3.When was first underground Coal Mining started in India ?
Ans.1815
Q4.Who was the first Indian entrepreneur in Coal Mining in India?
Ans.Prince Dwarkanath Tagore, relative of Rabindranath Tagore, CARR, Tagore & Co. in 1835
Q5.Which period was the first boom year of Indian Coal Industry & Why ?
Ans 1907 & 1908 due to growth of JCF (Jharia Coalfields & completion of Grand Chord Line of East India
Railway).
Q6.When was first underground Coal Mining started in India ?
Ans.1815
Q7.What was coal Production of India in 1942 & 1946?
Ans.29 MT and 30 MT respectively.
Q8. Write about NATIONALISATION OF INDIAN COAL MINES :
Non Coking Coal Mines were nationalized in 31st Jan.1973 (effective from 01.05.1973) except captive
mines of TISCO & IISCO. Accordingly, Coal Mines Authority Limited was established with HQr. at
Kolkata. NCDC Mines also came in the ambit of CMAL. This was done by virtue of Coal Mines (taking
over of Management ) Act, 1973 and Coal Mines Nationalization Act, 1973. This Act gives eligibility of Coal Mining in India. Nationalisation was done to meet the growing energy demand of the company, to conserve coal and to promote safety and welfare of the employees.
Q9.When was Coal India Limited Formed ?
Ans. In 1975 CIL was formed as holding company with 5 subsidiaries (BCCL, CCL, WCL, ECL & CMPDIL.
Q10.When was SECL and NCL formed ?
Ans .In 1985 NCL and SECLwere carved out of CCL & WCL respectively.
Q11.When was MCL formed?
Ans..In 1992, MCL was carved out of SECL to manage Talcher & IB Valley coalfields.
Q-12. After the formation of CMAL, NCDC Mines were kept under which zone of CMAL?
Ans. Central Zone
Q13.What is NCDC? When was it setup and why ?
Ans.National Coal Development Corporation Ltd.(NCDC) was the first Govt. of India Undertaking Coal
Company. It was set up in 1956 with 11 Railway owned coal mines for planned development of Coal
Industry.
Q14.What was coal production at the beginning of Ist 5 Year Plan (1951-56) ?
Ans. 33 Mt.
Q15.What was coal production at the end of 2nd. 5 year Plan (1956-61) & 3rd. 5 year Plan (1961-66) ?
Ans.Total : 55.6 MT, NCDC 8.05 MT (1956-56) and Total : 67.72 MT, NCDC : 9.6 MT (1961-66).
Q16.What role did NCDC play in Indian Coal Industry ?
Ans.NCDC Played pioneering role in Indian Coal Industry by way of introduction of
a.Large Scale Mechanisation b. Use of Modern Scientific Technique.
c. Conservation of Coal d. Foreign Collaboration with Poland & USSR.
e. Opening new Mines in MP, Orissan & Maharasthra
Q17.When was Coal Industry nationalised and why ?
Ans During IVth 5 Yr. Plan (1969-74) Coal Industry was nationalised in 2 phases :-
a.) Management of Coking Coal Mines was taken over by Govt. of India on 17th Oct. 1971 &nationalisation was effective from 5th January, 1972. Bharat Coking Coal Limited was formed by virtue of Coking Coal Mines (Emergency provisions at 1971 and Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act 1972. This Act gives eligibility of Coal Mining in India.

Categorisation of Coal, UHV, GCV,Grades of Coal etc.

Q1.Which Nomenclature is used for grading of non-coking coal ?
(a) Alphabetical (b) Numerical (c) Apha-Numeric (d) Roman
Q2.What is the basis for grading of Non-coking coal ?
(a) Ash (b) Moisture (c) Calorific Value (d) All of the above
Q3.Which is the methodology for gradation of Non-coking coal ?
(a) UHV (b) GCV (c) Both (d) None
Q4.Calorific value of coal means ?
(a) Burning power of coal (b) Heating power of coal
(b) Heat evolved by burning 1Kg coal (d) None of the above.
Q5.UHV stands for …………
(a) Ultimate Heat Value (b) Useful Heat Value
(c) Uniform Heat Value (d) Unilateral Heat Value
Q6.The Empirical formula to derive UHV is ?
(a) 8,900-138x(A+M)
(b) 9,200-138x(M+A)
(c) 8,900-140(A+M)
(d) 7,70,-139(A+M)
Q7.What is the disadvantage of UHV based coal gradation ?
(a) Very easy to derive
(b) It is not correct
(c) It is formula based & not give correct value
(d) All of the above
Q8. Which of the following is the descending order of gradation of Non-coking coal ?
(a) A,B,C,D,E (b) C,D,E,B,A (c) E,D,C,B,A (d) E,D,C,B,A
Q9.GCV stands for …………
(a) Gross Calorific Value
(b) Grim Calorific Value
(c) Graceful Calorific Value
(d) Great Calorific Value.
Q10.What is the advantage of GCV based coal gradation ?.
(a) It is very cumbersome
(b) It is very simple
(c) It does not require a lab
(d) It is more correct
Q11.What does long flame coal indicate ?
(a) It has long flame on burning (b) It has bright flame on burning (c) It gives more heat (d) It has
more volatile matter
Q12.The permissible limit of ash in washed coal as per MoEF guidelines is…………
(a) Less than or equal to 34% (b) Less than 38% (c) Less than 40% (d) Less than 45%
Q13.The ash content(%age) is ….................... in higher quality coal.
(a) more (b) less (c) constant (d) variable
Q14.What is the unit in which heat value of coal is expressed ?
(a) K,Cal/Kg (b) Cal/Kg (c) Kcal/te (d) Cal/te
Q15.What is a Bomb Calorimeter?
(a) An instrument to detect a bomb
(b) An instrument to measure heat value
(c) A musical instrument
(d) A gas instrument
……………………………………………………………………………………….…………..……………
A N S W E R
01(a), 02.(c), 03(c), 04(b), 05(b), 06(a), 07(c), 08(a), 09(a), 10(c), 11(d), 12(a), 13(b), 14(a), 15(b).

Long Wall technology in Coal Mines

Longwall mining is a highly productive underground coal mining technique.  Longwall mining machines consist of multiple coal shearers mounted on a series of self-advancing hydraulic ceiling supports.  The entire process is mechanized.  Longwall mining machines are about 800 feet (240 meters) in width and 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 meters) tall.  Longwall miners extract "panels" - rectangular blocks of coal as wide as the mining machinery and as long as 12,000 feet (3,650 meters). Massive shearers cut coal from a wall face, which falls onto a conveyor belt for removal.  As a longwall miner advances along a panel, the roof behind the miner's path is allowed to collapse.

MINING BY DRAGLINE

Draglines are by far the most commonly used overburden-removal equipment in surface coal mining. A dragline sits on the top of the overburden, digs the overburden material directly in front of it, and disperses the material over greater distances than a shovel. Compared with shovels, draglines provide greater flexibility, work on higher benches, and move more material per hour. The largest dragline in operation has a bucket capacity of 170 cubic metres.

OPERATION

In a typical cycle of excavation, the bucket is positioned above the material to be excavated. The bucket is then lowered and the dragrope is then drawn so that the bucket is dragged along the surface of the material. The bucket is then lifted by using the hoist rope. A swing operation is then performed to move the bucket to the place where the material is to be dumped. The dragrope is then released causing the bucket to tilt and empty. This is called a dump operation.

The bucket can also be 'thrown' by winding up to the jib and then releasing a clutch on the drag cable. This would then swing the bucket like a pendulum. Once the bucket had passed the vertical, the hoist cable would be released thus throwing the bucket.

See how does the Dragline Moves.....

INDIAN MINING & CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY

BACKGROUND & HISTORICAL TRENDS

Construction and mining equipment cover a variety of machinery such as hydraulic excavators, wheel loaders, backhoe loaders, bull dozers, dump trucks, tippers, graders, pavers, asphalt drum / wet mix plants, breakers, vibratory compactors, cranes, fork lifts, dozers, off-highway dumpers (20T to 170T), drills, scrapers, motor graders, rope shovels etc. They perform a variety of functions like preparation of ground, excavation, haulage of material, dumping/laying in specified manner, material handling, road construction etc. These equipments are required for both construction and mining activity.

With a wide production capacity base, India is perhaps the only developing country,
which is totally self-reliant in such highly sophisticated equipment. India has only a few, mainly medium and large companies in the organized sector who manufacture these. The technology barriers are high, especially with respect to mining equipment and therefore the role of SME’s is restricted to manufacture of components and some sub-assemblies. Prior to the 1960s, domestic requirements of mining and construction equipment were entirely met by imports. Domestic production began in 1964 with the setting up of Bharat Earthmovers Ltd. (BEML), a public sector unit of the Ministry of Defence, at Kolar in South India to manufacture dozers, dumpers, graders, scrapers, etc. for defence requirements under licence from LeTorneau Westinghouse, USA and Komatsu, Japan. In the private sector, the Hindustan Motors’ Earthmoving Equipment Division, was established in 1969 at Tiruvallur, near Chennai with technical collaboration from Terex, UK for manufacture of wheel loaders, dozers & dumpers. This factory has since been taken over by Caterpillar for their Indian operations. The machines manufactured by Caterpillar in the Tiruvallur factory are marketed by TIL and GMMCO. In 1974, L&T started manufacturing hydraulic excavators under license from Poclain, France. In 1980 and 1981, two more units, Telcon and Escorts JCB commenced manufacture of hydraulic excavators (under license from Hitachi, Japan) and backhoe loaders (under license from JCB, UK) respectively. Escorts JCB has been taken over by JC Bamford Excavators Ltd. U.K. in 2003 and is now called JCB India Ltd. Volvo and Terex Vectra are the most recent entrants in the Indian market. Volvo has set up their manufacturing unit in Bangalore. At present they are only manufacturing tippers and the other equipment are imported from their parent company and marketed in India.
Terex Corporation USA and Vectra Ltd. U.K. have formed a joint venture, which has started manufacturing construction equipment like backhoe loaders and skid steer loaders from May ’04 at Greater Noida with an investment of USD 12 million. Other equipment in the Terex range are being sold through their agents in India. Most of the technology leaders like Case, Caterpillar, Hitachi, Ingersoll-Rand, JCB, John Deere, Joy Mining Machinery, Komatsu, Lieberr, Poclain, Terex, Volvo are present in India as joint venture companies, or have set up their own manufacturing facilities, or marketing companies. The industry has made substantial investments in the recent past for setting up manufacturing bases, despite small volumes and uneconomic scales of production compared to global standards.

Current Status in India
The growth of this sector is interlinked with the growth of the Indian economy and indirectly with the growth of infrastructure. The last few years have witnessed a phase of restructuring in the industry through acquisitions and joint ventures. This also reflects the active interest of international majors in the domestic market. Many international players have also appointed selling agents for importing and selling complete equipment in India. The construction and mining equipment industry is dominated by a few large manufacturers in each product segment. BEML supplies to nearly half the total market. BEML & Caterpillar lead in dumpers and dozers while L&T-Komatsu and Telcon lead in excavators and JCB India in backhoe loaders. The market share and total market size as per CMIE data of the product range covered by the study is given below: -

Major Products Companies Market Share (%)

Earthmoving Machinery

Bharat Earth Movers Limited 50.01
Telcon 15.48
L&T Komatsu 8.30
Larsen & Toubro 3.16
Tractor Engineers 1.24
Hyderabad Industries 0.22
Ingersoll-Rand (India) 0.21
T R F 0.11
Jessop & Co. 0.09
A C C Machinery Co. 0.06
Greaves Cotton
Voltas
Bemco Jacks & Allied Products
Viraj Technocom
Texmaco
Tata Motors
Southern Structurals
Marshall Sons & Co. (Mfg.)
Hindustan Motors
Garden Reach Shipbuilders &
Engineers
Escorts JCB

Total number of companies : 27
Total market size: Rs.3516.2 Cr.

Construction Machinery

Gujarat Apollo Equipments 39.07
Apollo Earthmovers 10.05
Apollo Industrial Products 7.53
Shethia Erectors & Material Handlers 6.58
Rico Auto Inds 6.19
International Combustion 5.08
TRF 5.03

Total number of companies : 49
Total market size: Rs.171.2 crores


Cranes

TIL 14.47
Greaves Cotton 9.31
Mukand 7.92
WMI Cranes 5.55
Hercules Hoists 5.37
Jessop & Co. 0.96
Hyderabad Industries 0.83
Millars India 0.14
Cranex 0.13
Brady & Morris Engg. Co. 0.04
Braithwaite & Co.
Voltas
Vikatmev Containers
Southern Structurals
Marshall Sons & Co. (Mfg.)
Marshall Sons & Co. (India)
Elecon Engineering Co.


Total number of companies : 31
Total market size: Rs.544.3 crores